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Neither is legal and both can, in theory, give rise to a ‘level four’ fine (€135, or €90 if paid quickly), although it is rare for this to be applied. The exception to the rule about biking on the pavement is for children aged under eight.

Note that a recent law made cycling helmets obligatory for children aged under 12; a parent or guardian accompanying them may be fined a ‘level four’ fine if they are not wearing one.

As for going through red lights, there is an exception at certain traffic lights where there is specific signage on the traffic light indicating that cyclists may go through at red (the allowed direction is also indicated – sometimes it only relates to turning right). This depends, though, on the measure having been adopted by the commune, as is the case, for example in Paris and Lille.