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Local gendarmes said the vests were a visible sign that people were taking part in an illegal demonstration, as no formal request for a protest was lodged with the prefecture.

The courts have ruled that behaviour, slogans, chants and dress can be used to decide if people are taking part in illegal demonstrations.

Gendarme bosses said Mr Macron’s visit justified it but there were no plans to extend it.

Judicial experts claim the threat of a €135 fine, the same as for not having a high visibility vest or jacket in your car, was too high.

The fine for taking part in an illegal demonstration was fixed years ago and remains at €38.